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180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.

1453 – Battle of Castillon: The last battle of Hundred Years' War, the The French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed in the battle in Gascony.

1717 – King George I of Great Britain sails down the River Thames with a barge of 50 musicians, where George Frideric Handel's Water Music is premiered.

1917 - The British Royal Family, in a proclamation issued by George V, adopted the name of the House of Windsor in place of their German family name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha due to the anti-German sentiment at the time.

1918 – On the orders of the Bolshevik Party carried out by Cheka, Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his immediate family and retainers are murdered at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.

1955 – Disneyland is dedicated and opened by Walt Disney in Anaheim, California.

1975 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.

1981 – The opening of the Humber Bridge by Queen Elizabeth.

1998 – Papua New Guinea earthquake: A tsunami triggered by an undersea earthquake destroys 10 villages in Papua New Guinea killing an estimated 3,183, leaving 2,000 more unaccounted for and thousands more homeless.

390 BC – Battle of the Allia – a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, leading to the subsequent sacking of Rome.

1290 – King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England; this was Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many Jewish calamities.

1389 – Kingdom of France and Kingdom of England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace; the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War.

1870 – The First Vatican Council decrees the dogma of papal infallibility.

1872 - Britain introduced the concept of voting by secret ballot.

1920 - The unveiling of the Cenotaph War memorial in Whitehall, London to commemorate the war dead. It was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and takes its name from the Greek words kenos and taphos meaning empty tomb.

1923 - Under the Matrimonial Causes Bill, British women were given equal divorce rights with men.

1934 - The official opening, by King George V, of the first Mersey Road Tunnel in Liverpool.

1942 – World War II: the Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using only its jet engines for the first time.

1968 – Intel is founded in Santa Clara, California.

1984 – McDonald's massacre in San Ysidro, California: in a fast-food restaurant, James Oliver Huberty opens fire, killing 21 people and injuring 19 others before being shot dead by police.

1995 – On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, the Soufrière Hills volcano erupts. Over the course of several years, it devastates the island, destroying the capital and forcing most of the population to flee.

(18-07-2012 13:10 )skully Wrote: [ -> ]1984 – McDonald's massacre in San Ysidro, California: in a fast-food restaurant, James Oliver Huberty opens fire, killing 21 people and injuring 19 others before being shot dead by police.

James Huberty a 41 year old father of two, was originally from Ohio. He contracted polio as a child and this left him with permanent walking difficulties. In 1962, Huberty enrolled at a Jesuit community college, where he earned a degree in sociology. He would later receive a license for embalming at the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While at Mortuary School, he met his wife Etna, whom he married in 1965 and had two daughters – Zelia and Cassandra, but the marriage was troubled and often violent.

The Huberty family settled in Massillon, Ohio, where James worked as an undertaker at a Funeral Home. In 1971, they were forced to relocate to Canton, after their house in Massillon was set ablaze, but he found work as a welder and things were relatively stable for a dozen years or so, but as a result of a motorcycle accident, Huberty developed an uncontrollable twitch in his right arm, a condition that made it impossible to continue as a welder. In 1984, the family left Canton and after briefly staying in Tijuana, Mexico they settled nearby in San Diego, in the San Ysidro neighborhood.

Huberty blamed the Mexicans for his inability to get a job and most of his victims were Hispanic. On the morning of the massacre he wore military style clothing, picked up his assault weapon and said “I’m going hunting. Hunting humans”. A witness who saw him walking down the street with two guns in his hands called the police but the dispatcher gave the local patrol car the wrong address.

Huberty had been suffering from depression and his wife said he had been hearing voices. She had tried to persuade him to see a psychiatrist. Although no motive was ever found for the killings, his wife claimed that his exposure to heavy metals during his work as a welder in Ohio may have been a factor although her lawsuit against his former employer was dismissed.

Both the victims families and (incredibly) Huberty's widow sued McDonald's, but both lost their cases. The victims families lost because the judge, whilst sympathetic, ruled that McDonald's duty of care could not possibly extend to protecting patrons from an unforeseeable assault by a murderous madman; Huberty's widow sued alleging that McDonald's were responsible because her husband had high levels of monosodium glutamate in his system from eating too many chicken nuggets!!!

For once the American legal system saw sense and immediately threw her case out.

The McDonald's Corporation demolished the restaurant and gave the land to the city of San Diego. This in turn was sold to the Southwestern College and in 1988 they opened a campus with seven class rooms for the local community.

64 – Great Fire of Rome: a fire begins to burn in the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control. According to a popular, but untrue legend, Nero fiddled as the city burned.

1545 - The Mary Rose, the pride of Henry VIII's battle fleet, sank in the Solent with the loss of 700 lives.

1553 - Lady Jane Grey was replaced by Mary I as Queen of England after having the title for just nine days.

1832 – The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary.

1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation.

1919 – Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of World War I, ex-servicemen riot and burn down Luton Town Hall.

1941 - Winston Churchill introduced his 'V for Victory" campaign which rapidly spread through Europe.

1963 – Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.

1983 – The first three-dimensional reconstruction of a human head in a CT is published.

1992 – A car bomb placed by mafia with collaboration of Italian intelligence kills Judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his escort

(19-07-2012 13:06 )skully Wrote: [ -> ]1963 – Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.

The X-15 programme was a pioneering series of high altitude test flights conducted at the edge of space. The rocket plane looked like a manned cruise missile, and was dropped from another plane at high altitude before its own engine fired.

In 1958, Walker was one of the pilots selected for the U.S. Air Force's Man In Space Soonest (MISS) project, but that project never came to fruition. That same year NASA was founded and in 1960 Walker became the first NASA pilot to fly the X-15, and the second X-15 pilot, following Scott Crossfield, the manufacturer's test pilot. On his first X-15 flight, Walker did not realize how much power that its rocket engines had, and he was crushed backward into the pilot's seat, screaming, "Oh, my God!". Then, a flight controller jokingly replied "Yes? You called?" Walker would go on to fly the X-15 24 times, including the only two flights that exceeded 100 kilometers (62.2 miles) in altitude, Flight 90 (on 19 July 1963: 106 km) and Flight 91 (on 22 August 1963: 108 km), 100km being the International Definition of reaching space

Walker also became the first test pilot of the Bell Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), usually referred to as "the flying bedstead", which was used to develop piloting and operational techniques for lunar landings.

Joe Walker was killed on 8 June 1966, when his F-104 Starfighter chase aircraft collided with a North American XB-70 Valkyrie. Walker had been flying in a tight group formation for a publicity photo and the famous test pilot Chuck Yeager expressed his personal opinion that Walker's inexperience at formation flying was to blame, although no specific cause was ever determined in the subsequent accident investigation. However, the careers of several Air Force colonels ended as a result of this aviation accident.

Although the X-15 pilots needed just as much, if not more, bravery than the pioneer rocket astronauts, they never received the recognition they deserved. Indeed, they are rarely mentioned in lists of feats and firsts (for example Joe Walker was the first American to go into space twice but you will be lucky to find a book or source anywhere that says anything other than it was Virgil Grissom) and the civilian pilots among them did not receive their astronaut wings until 2005, more than 40 years after some of them had flown.

Of the 13 X-15 pilots, only one made it into the full NASA astronaut ranks, and fittingly that was the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong.

70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.

1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle – King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.

1810 – Citizens of Bogotá, declare independence from Spain.

1940 – California opens its first freeway, the Arroyo Seco Parkway.

1944 – World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.

1960 – The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the USS George Washington, for the first time.

1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 11 successfully makes the first manned landing on the Moon in the Sea of Tranquility. Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans to walk on the Moon almost 7 hours later. (US Time)

1977 – The Central Intelligence Agency releases documents under the Freedom of Information Act revealing it had engaged in mind control experiments.

1982 – Hyde Park and Regents Park bombings: The Provisional IRA detonates two bombs in Hyde Park and Regents Park in central London, killing eight soldiers, wounding forty-seven people, and leading to the deaths of seven horses.

1944: Hitler survives assassination attempt
Adolf Hitler has escaped death after a bomb exploded at 1242 local time at his headquarters in Rastenberg, East Prussia.
The German News Agency broke the news from Hitler's headquarters, known as the "wolf's lair", his command post for the Eastern Front.

A senior officer, Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, has been blamed for planting the bomb at a meeting at which Hitler and other senior members of the General Staff were present.

Hitler has sustained minor burns and concussion but, according to the news agency, managed to keep his appointment with Italian leader Benito Mussolini.


The attempt which has failed must be a warning to every German to redouble his war effort

German News Agency

Hermann Goering, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe and Hitler's designated successor, went to see Hitler when he heard about the attack.

The German News Agency said the German people were deeply grateful that no serious harm had come to their leader and that fate had allowed him to "accomplish his great task".

"The attempt which has failed must be a warning to every German to redouble his war effort," said the newsreader.

And the deputy head of the press, Helmut Suendermann, stated: "The German people must consider the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life as a sign that Hitler will complete his tasks under the protection of a divine power."

This is the third attempt on Hitler's life and underlines the tension in Germany now faced with a two-front war as the allies take northern France and the Red Army close in on the Reich.

This week has seen the heaviest American bombing of Germany since they entered the war.

The 8th Air Force from Britain and the 15th Air Force from Italy sent about 5,500 heavy bombers and some 4,000 fighter planes to attack oil and aircraft stores in Germany and Austria.

The Soviet Army has made major advances on the front line between Brest-Litovsk and Lvov - a strategic city that is the key to capturing southern Poland.



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Watch/Listen

Herman Goering came to see Hitler as soon as he heard about the bombing


Hitler's General Walter Warlimont describes the blast






In Context
The following day Adolf Hitler made a radio broadcast to the German nation detailing the failed assassination and thanked fate for allowing him to continue his "work".
The planned coup, known as the July plot, was led by senior military leaders like Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben and General Ludwig Beck.

After Claus von Stauffenberg had placed the briefcase under the table next to Hitler, he left the building, heard the bomb explode and assumed Hitler was dead.

He flew to Berlin to join Von Witzleben and Beck and take over using the German Home Army. But through a series of lucky circumstances Hitler was only slightly injured, though three other people were killed.

Von Stauffenberg was arrested the same day and shot. The rest of the conspirators were tried and hanged or offered the chance to commit suicide.

Eight of those executed were hanged with piano wire from meat-hooks and their executions filmed and shown to senior members of the Nazi Party and the armed forces.


Stories From 20 Jul
1974: Turkey invades Cyprus
1944: Hitler survives assassination attempt
1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London
1960: Ceylon chooses world's first woman PM
1990: IRA bombs Stock Exchange
1952: Zatopek wins gold at Helsinki
2003: BBC admits Kelly was 'main source'
1957: Britons 'have never had it so good'


http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/w...r_01.shtml

356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.

1403 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats rebels to the north of the county town of Shropshire, England.

1796 - Robert Burns, Scottish poet died, aged 37.

1798 - The Battle of the Pyramids took place, in which Napoleon, soon after his invasion of Egypt, defeated an army of some 60,000 Mamelukes.

1831 – Inauguration of Leopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgians.

1925 - Sir Malcolm Campbell became the first man to break the 150 mph land barrier, at Pendine Sands in Wales when he drove a Sunbeam at a two-way average speed of 150.33 mph.

1944 – World War II: Claus von Stauffenberg and fellow conspirators are executed in Berlin, Germany for the July 20 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. (See post 1546)

1961 - Captain Virgil Gus Grissom became the second American to go into space on the final suborbital Mercury test flight aboard the Liberty Bell 7.

1970 – After 11 years of construction, the Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.

1983 – The world's lowest temperature is recorded at Vostok Station, Antarctica at −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).

2005 – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_July_200...t bombings, occurring exactly two weeks after the similar July 7 bombings, target London's public transportation system. All four bombs fail to detonate and all four suspected suicide bombers are captured and later convicted and imprisoned for long terms.

2011 – NASA's Space Shuttle program ends with the landing of Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-135.

1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.

1298 - The English used longbows for the first time, when they defeated the Scots at the Battle of Falkirk.

1706 – The Acts of Union 1707 are agreed upon by commissioners from the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which, when passed by each countries' Parliaments, lead to the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1793 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first recorded human to complete a transcontinental crossing of Canada.

1894 – The first ever motor race is held in France between the cities of Paris and Rouen. The fastest finisher was the Comte Jules-Albert de Dion, but The 'official' victory was awarded to Georges Lemaître driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot.

1933 – Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles (25,099 km) in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.

1986 - MPs voted to abolish corporal punishment in state schools.

1991 – Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested in Milwaukee after police discover human remains in his apartment.

2003 – Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year old son, and a bodyguard.

2005 – Jean Charles de Menezes is killed by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the 21 July 2005 London bombings.

2011 – Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, the first being a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, the second being a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Utøya.

1829 – In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the typographer, a precursor to the typewriter.

1914 – Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia demanding Serbia to allow the Austrians to determine who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Serbia will reject those demands and Austria will declare war on July 28.

1926 – Fox Film buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.

1940 - The Local Defence Volunteers were renamed the Home Guard by Winston Churchill.

1962 – Telstar relays the first publicly transmitted, live trans-Atlantic television program, featuring Walter Cronkite.

1967 – 12th Street Riot: in Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city. It will leave 43 killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.

1983 – The Sri Lankan Civil War begins with the killing of 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Terrorist group. In the subsequent riots of Black July, about 1,000 Tamils are slaughtered, some 400,000 Tamils flee to neighbouring Tamil Nadu, India and many find refuge in Europe and Canada.

1984 - A government report into cancer levels near the controversial nuclear plant at Sellafield in Cumbria confirmed suspicions of higher than-normal levels of leukaemia in the area, but said it could not definitely link this to the nuclear plant itself.

1984 - Vanessa Williams became the first Miss America to resign her title, because of nude photographs of her that ended up in Penthouse magazine.

1995 - Two astronomers, Alan Hale in New Mexico and Thomas Bopp in Arizona, almost simultaneously discovered the comet Hale-Bopp.